Paragraph 2

ὁ οὖν Φίλιππος σπεύδει μετ' αὐτούς.

1. μετά + acc. means "after". Movement towards is always expressed by the accusative.
   Compare the following:
   βαδίζει ὄπισθεν τοῦ ἀρότρου he is walking behind the plow
   τρέχει μετὰ τὸ ἄροτρον would mean: he's running after it because it got away
   So we have a whole string of X running after Y running after Z:
   ὁ μὲν λαγὼς φεύγει ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἄργου, ὁ δὲ τρέχει μετ' αὐτόν, ὁ δὲ Φίλιππος τρέχει μετὰ τὸν κὺνα καὶ τὸν λαγών.
   Lots of running after going on here.
    
   Just remember:
   • ὄπισθεν + genitive: behind.
     In the picture there is a whole row: tree - hare behind tree - dog behind hare - Philip behind dog - flower behind Philip: δένδρον ὁρῶμεν, καὶ ὄπισθεν τοῦ δένδρου λαγών. ὄπισθέν τε τοῦ λαγὼ κύνα, ὄπισθέν τε τοῦ κυνὸς τὸν Φίλιππον καὶ ὄπισθεν τὸν Φίλιππον ἄνθος.
   • μετά + accusative: after
     Like in English, also used for
     after life, death μετὰ τὸν βίον, θάνατος
     ἡσυχάζομεν μετὰ τὸν πόνον
     Many people, especially in warm climates καθεύδουσιν ὀλίγον (small, little, not much) χρόνον μετὰ τὸ δεῖπνον (Remember chapter 1b, Dikaiopolis: πολὺν χρόνον πονεῖ καὶ μάλα κάμνει· καθίζει οὖν ὑπὸ τῷ δένδρῳ καὶ ἡσυχάζει οὐ πολὺν χρόνον. δι' ὀλίγου γὰρ ἐπαίρει ἑαυτὸν καὶ πονεῖ. Not for long, for he soon gets up [again].
     And you, ἆρα καὶ σὺ ἡσυχάζεις μετὰ τὸν πόνον; πολὺν χρόνον; ὀλίγον μόνον (only) χρόνον;
     καθεύδεις μετὰ τὸ δεῖπνον;
      
2. Another example of elision, i.e. apostrophe replacing end vowel: μετ' αὐτοὺς instead of μετὰ αὐτούς
   Now watch this:
   I see a wolf running after a horse: ὁρῶ λύκον τρέχοντα μετὰ ἵππον
   Dropping the α and replacing it with an apostrophe we get μετ'
   But *horse* starts with an aspirated h-sound in Greek as well as in English, so what will happen to the τ' ?
   t-h in Greek is spelt θ, so we get: μεθ' ἵππον. Cute!
   ὁ λύκος τρέχει μεθ' ἵππον
    

While running after his dog, Philip shouts in a loud voice, μέγα βοᾷ

What does he shout?
    Come here! ἐλθὲ δεῦρο
    Come back! ἐπάνελθε
    Come back you accursed dog! He's really getting worked up: ἐπάνελθε, ὦ κύον κατάρατε
In lesson 2b Dikaiopolis is furious with Xanthias for sleeping under a tree instead of working and calls him:
ἐλθὲ δεῦρο, ῷ κατάρατε
 

Does the dog obey? Not him!

ἔτι διώκει ὁ κύων, ὁ κατάρατος.
κύων versus κύον
When you call for someone's attention you want to make your call (vocative case!) as short as possible. So, wherever possible, long end vowel (vowel in end syllable) becomes short. And the accent changes too. cf:
ὁ πατήρ         ὦ πάτερ
ἡ μήτηρ          ὦ μῆτερ
ὁ ἀνήρ           ὦ ἄνερ
ἡ θυγάτηρ      ὦ θύγατερ
̀ὁ δεσπότης    ὦ δέσποτᾰ
and here:      ὁ κύων       ὦ κύον
Question: is the υ in ὁ κύων long or short? How do you know?  check
 

No reaction from his dog! So what does Philip do?

τρέχει οὖν εἰς ἄκρον τὸ ὄρος, to the top of the hill
Why not πρὸς ἄκρον τὸ ὄρος? Because that would mean: towards, in the direction of, whereas εἰς implies that he gets to the topmost part of the hill and still οὐχ ὁρᾷ τὸν κύνα.
So what does he do then?
μέγα οὖν βοᾷ καὶ καλεῖ, again, but to no avail
ἀλλ' οὐκ ἀκούει ὁ Ἄργος.
 

So finally he gives up in despair: τέλος δὲ ἀθυμεῖ καὶ καταβαίνει τὸ ὄρος (= βαδίζει κατὰ τὸ ὄρος)

ἀθυμεῖ - he despairs.
Word-families make understanding new words, and therefore also remembering them, much easier:
ὁ θυμός, τοῦ θυμοῦ means soul, life; courage, spirit.....
we then get to the adjective ἄθυμος, ἄθυμον, downcast, discouraged, dejected
which in turn gives us the verb ἀθυμῶ [ἀθυμέω], I am disheartened, discouraged
and the noun ἡ ἀθυμία, τῆς ἀθυμίας, dejection, despair
We'll find many more words that have θυμός as their radical. A good word to remember.
    ἆρα ἀθυμεῖς πολλάκις while trying to learn Greek?
    ἆρα ἀθυμεῖς ῥᾳδίως when things get a little tough?
    ἆρα καὶ (also, even) ἀνὴρ ἀνδρεῖος ἀθυμεῖ;
 

At last τέλος δὲ we've finished this paragraph!
 

1. Difference between ὄπισθεν and μετά: meaning and case-form taken by following noun/pronoun
2. Why do the Greek spell καθορῶ (καθοράω) for 'I look down' and not κατ' ὁρῶ?