Words and Explanations

ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ πονεῖ

he works in the (or: his) field.
We had: he lives in the country, i.e in the fields (plural): Where?
οἰκεῖ ἐν τοῖς ἀγροῖς
So now we have the singular: Where?
ὁ ἀγρός       ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ
ὁ κλῆρος     ἐν τῷ κλήρῳ
ὁ οἶκος        ἐν τῷ οἶκῳ
Just another form (which happens to be called "dative" form) to clarify the meaning: where? position
 

τὸν γὰρ ἀγρὸν σκάπτει

again: γάρ = for, always takes 2nd place
for he is digging his field: see him dig away furiously (he's ἄοκνος καὶ ἰσχυρός remember?)
Who σκάπτει your garden? How does he (or she) σκάπτει ? See them do it!
 

τοὺς γὰρ λίθους ἐκ τοῦ ἀγροῦ φέρει

ὁ λίθος the stone
lithography is writing on stone, paleolithic was the oldest of the stone ages, then there came mesolithic (middle) and neolithic (new, not because the stones were new, but because people knew better how to fashion them
τοὺς λίθους φέρει is the plural form of:
τὸν λίθον φέρει
(see picture 1a: φέρει δὲ τὸν μόσχον so if he were to carry 2 calves (since he's so ἰσχυρός that shouldn't be a problem), we'd say seeing him:
φέρει τοὺς μόσχους
Similarly: σκάπτει τοὺς ἀγρούς
τοὺς πόνους φέρει
τοὺς οἴκους βλέπει he sees the houses
When coming across these forms, just visualize the action and tell yourself: this is how we say.... when we mean ... (I accuse, see, carry him and not he, so -o
or, in the plural, I accuse, like, carry them, not they, so -ους

And after position (where is?) we get to origin (out of where? from where?). So we'll need yet a different case-form:
ἐκ τοῦ ἀγροῦ out of the field.
So : ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου
So : ἐκ τοῦ κλήρου
Again, visualize and tell yourself, this sounds right for getting out of a place. You won't remember it immediately, but eventually it will became automatic. Learning the rule: after ἐκ we have to use the genitive is not going to help you half as much as your ears and your imagination will
So, each time you come across a new form, just visualize the action and tell yourself: this is how we say when we:
ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ see somebody in the field doing something or other, like:
ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ σκάπτει he's digging somewhere in his field, digging a grave maybe, or a hiding-place for his treasure
τὸν ἀγρὸν σκάπτει see somebody digging the field, the whole of it
class="font">τοὺς λίθους φέρει ἐκ τοῦ ἀγροῦ see him carrying all those heavy stones out of his field, out of his way, out of his life (ἐκ τοῦ βίου)

Of course you won't remember all of them at once, nobody expects you to. But through repeatedly meeting these strange forms (strange for us, not to the Greeks) and imagining the contexts, the scenes, concentrating on their meaning rather than their grammatical definition and function, you'll end up becoming familiar with them, automatically, because the wrong form sounds wrong because it is meaningless. A small child doesn't know anything about cases and declensions and yet gets it all right, after a time. What we could do as little children, we still can, the ability is still there, but all our abstract, theoretical learning has made us forget our innate capabilities. Give a bright 5 year old the opportunity to learn a language using lists of words and rules of grammar and he'll end up knowing as little (actually even less) than older people. Now take a dim 5 year old and put him in a environment where he has to use the language to interact with others and he'll learn pretty fast. Ever thought why? Listening to what sounds right and what sounds dumb does the trick. He doesn't want to be taken for a dummy by his peers.
 

μέγαν λίθον αἴρει

he picks up what or whom? him, not he, so n form: λίθον (a stone:
μέγαν λίθον βλέπει he sees a big stone and then
τὸν μέγαν λίθον φέρει carries that afore mentioned stone
Who else αἴρει whom or what?
Mother αἴρει the baby that's fallen down
student οὐκ αἴρειthe scarf she's dropped but steps straight over it
handsome ski instructor αἴρειone fallen beginning skier after the other
and of course ὁ Δικαιόπολις μέγαν λίθον αἴρει and then
 

φέρει αυτὸν πρὸς τὸ ἕρμα

towards the pile. See τὸ ἕρμα in the picture.
τὸ ἕρμα is neuter, that is neither masculine nor feminine
And so is τὸ δένδρονthe tree, also in the picture.
In Greek some words are he (him), some are she (her), and some are plain it . Don't ask why, just accept the fact as fact. In English males are he, females are she and things are it, except for... cars, boats, countries occasionally!
 

ἰσχυρός ἐστι ὁ ἄνθρωπος

strong, already seen in 1a, not only ἰσχυρός but also a!oknoj energetic, remember. Imagine him lifting up huge sacks of grain and things, repeatedly!
 

πολὺν χρόνον πονεῖ

he works for a long time (a chronometer measures time, chronological order, chronical, a chronic disease reappears from time to time)
How long (do you study Greek each day....)?
πολὺν χρόνον;
οὐ πολὺν χρόνον ;
ἱκανὸν χρόνον; enough?
They say that ὁ χρόνος heals all wounds.
And that ὁ χρόνος flies. How true!
 

μάλα κάμνει

he is (or gets) very tired. The Greeks say: he tires a lot. We can say: "I tire easily these days" instead of "I am (or get) tired ". The Greeks only use the one form: "I tire, do you tire?, he tires, we all tire..."
Think of people, one at a time, getting tired κάμνει
and imagine some being very tired μάλα κάμνει
Why does he or she κάμνειso?
 

φλέγει γὰρ ὁ ἥλιος

the sun blazes, burns (quite poetic, isn't it?)
ὁ ἥλιος βίον παρέχει (of course, no sun, no life)
ὁ ἥλιος φλέγει and fire also φλέγει (see it blazing away)
ὁ ἥλιος βίον παρέχει but nobody, nothing could live (where?)
ἐν τῷ ἡλίῳ
Come out of the sun before you get sunstroke. (out of where?)
ἐκ τοῦ ἡλίου
 

ὁ ἥλιος φλέγει καὶ κατατρίβει αὐτόν

wears him out
κατά means "down",
τρίβει he,she, it rubs. Constant rubbing wears things and people down.
ὁ ἀτέλεστος πόνος κατατρίβει τὸν αὐτουργόν
the baby's loud wailing κατατρίβειthe neighbours
and my friend's nagging κατατρίβειmy patience
What κατατρίβει you personally?
 

καθίζει οὖν ὑπὸ τῷ δένδρῳ

he sits (where? position) ὑπὸ τῷ δένδρῳ
where does the skorpion sit? καθίζει ὑπὸ τῷ λίθῳ
and the little rat? καθίζει ὑπὸ τῷ οἴκῳ
And why does it say that Dikaiopolis καθίζει
καθίζει οὖν ὑπὸ τῷ δένδρῳ
Because μάλα γὰρ κάμνει and he needs a rest, and
because ὁ γὰρ ἥλιος φλέγει and he wants to get out of that blaze, so, as a consequence: he οὖν ...If needs be, go back over "problem words" in lesson 1a
 

ἡσυχάζει, οὐ πολὺν χρόνον

he rests, not for long
πονεῖ πολὺν χρόνον
ἡσυχάζει οὐ πολὺ χρόνον
It says that he μάλα κάμνει. So why rest only a little while? Because he is, after all, ἰσχυρὸς γάρ ἐστι καὶ ἄοκνος
 

δι' ὀλίγου γὰρ ἐπαίρει ἑαυτόν

for soon he picks up himself
a little confrontation αὐτὸν καὶ ἑαυτόν
ἐπαίρει αὐτόν he picks him (somebody else) up (imagine it!)
ἐπαἴρει ἑαυτόν he gets up (see him lifting himself)
φιλεῖ αὐτόν he/she loves him
φιλεῖ ἑαυτόν he loves himself
(think of someone self-centered you know, it must be a man though, not a woman, that would be ἑαυτήν, and that form has to wait till lesson 4. Men first!)
In English we add self to him and get himself, in Greek we add he to the front of αυτός to get the selfsame meaning.
δι' ὀλίγου is short for διὰ ὀλίγου soon (literally: "through short or little")
δι' ὀλίγου ὁ πόνος will be over
What are you going to do δι' ὀλίγου ?
δι' ὀλίγου I'm going to stretch my legs (and fingers)
 

τέλος δὲ καταδύνει ὁ ἥλιος

finally the sun sets (goes down)
κατά down (as in κατατρίβει αὐτόν wears him down)
What does ὁ ἥλιος do?
φλέγει (see it blaze and burn)
κατατρίβει τὸν αὐτουργόν see him getting worn out
καταδύνει there must be loads of beautiful sunsets to recall
Ouff! τέλος δέ
 

οὐκέτι οὖν πονεῖ

ἔτι still:
ἔτι πονεῖ he still works (and works, and works)
ὁ ἥλιος ἔτι φλέγει still blazes
ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἔτι κάμνει is still tired
οὐκ plus ἔτι gives οὐκέτι no more, no longer
ὁ ἥλιος καταδύνει, οὐκέτι οὖν φλέγει
ὁ Δικαιόπολις οὐκέτι πονεῖ ἀλλὰ ἡσυχάζει
After he καθίζει sits, even if οὐ πολὺν χρόνον he
οὐκέτι κάμνει but is all fresh and roaring to go.
 

πρὸς τὸν οἴκον βαδίζει

see him walking toward his house
After "Where is?" denoting position ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ
and "Where from?" denoting origin ἐκ τοῦ ἀγροῦ
we now have "where to?" for movement towards πρὸς τὸν οἶκον
Using that same form (the accusative form if you must know) for movement towards, we'll have
πρὸς τὸν ἀγρόν
πρὸς τὸ κλῆρον
πρὸς τὸ ἕρμα (neuter nouns don't change, like English "it" remains "it")
πρὸς τὸ δένδρον
Remember people walking towards those various destinations