Notes
- The vocative is always the same as the nominative, in the singular as well as in the plural.
- The genitive plural is always emphasized with a circumflex (sound drawn out, voice going up and then down again) on the last syllable.
For all 1st declension nouns. But not adjectives!
For adjectives the normal rules apply: emphasis on ultima (last syllable), circumflexed -ῶν, otherwise acute on penult (last but one) and unadorned final -ων.
- Accentuation
All endings are long, except for nominative/vocative plural -αι, which, like the masculine plural -οι, is always short.
- Which means that, if the penult carries the accent and is long, the acute will change to circumflex in the nominative/vocative plural. For example:
ἡ κώμη, αἱ κῶμαι, the village, villages
ἡ νίκη, αἱ νῖκαι, the victory, victories
(just think of Nike sports-gear, meant to lead us to victory)
- If the nominative form has an acute accent on the last syllable, that acute will change to circumflex in both genitive and dative (singular and plural). Take ἡ φωνή, τῆς φωνῆς, the voice (gramophone, phonetics, symphony, telephone...)
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